J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 Jun 10:121934. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121934. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE: Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Apiaceae), commonly known as Alexanders, has been traditionally used in Mediterranean ethnomedicine to alleviate digestive disorders, gastric discomfort, and inflammatory conditions. However, its gastroprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori properties have not yet been scientifically investigated. Given that oxidative stress and inflammation play pivotal roles in peptic ulcer pathogenesis and aggravate H. pylori-induced mucosal damage, investigating traditionally used gastrointestinal remedies such as S. olusatrum is particularly relevant.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study evaluated the gastroprotective and anti-H. pylori activities of S. olusatrum extracts and investigated their underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

METHODS: Gastroprotection was assessed in rats through ulcer index determination, gastric secretion analysis, and histological examination. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed gastroprotective effects, immunofluorescence targeting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) was performed. Major phytoconstituents identified by LC-MS/MS were further subjected to molecular docking against NF-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, an in vitro anti-H. pylori activity was assessed.

RESULTS: Both extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent gastroprotection (p < 0.001), with the highest doses reducing ulcer indices to 5.96% ± 5.37 (root extract) and 0.70% ± 0.39 (seed extract), preserving mucosal architecture, minimizing edema, and decreasing neutrophil infiltration. NF-κB nuclear translocation and IBA1-positive macrophage recruitment were significantly suppressed (p < 0.001). Docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities of myricetin and luteolin toward NF-κB and COX-2. The seed extract showed selective anti-H. pylori activity, whereas the root extract was inactive.

CONCLUSION: These findings provide experimental support for the traditional gastrointestinal use of S. olusatrum, highlighting its potential as a promising ethnopharmacological candidate for ulcer management.

PMID:42269797 | DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2026.121934